Flow Considerations
The next time you have the opportunity, watch which way the stern wake tends to break as a motorboat passes. It may not even break, but if it does it breaks away, or out from the centerline of the path in which the boat is traveling. (By the way, if the boat is slowing it will sometimes break towards the boat, please keep this in mind, see below.)
This doesn’t seem to be the case on the wake trails for surfboards, see photo. The wake on the waveside of the wake breaks towards the centerline of the path in which the surfer is traveling, whereas the wake on the beachside breaks away from the centerline, see photo. The question is why? Actually, this may not be an issue for you at all, which is understandable, but I believe it tells you a lot about the flow under a surfboard and so, it’s interesting to me.
A Little Bit About Breaking Waves
A wave breaks when an upper portion shears off because it is moving faster than a lower portion. Simple, but it will do.
The Flow Under A Surfboard
Of course I’m going to assume my hypothesis regarding what makes surfboards go, see initial post above.
When the water hits the bottom of the surfboard (see Dynamics – The Trim Equation for a rough feel as to the general direction that this occurs, or my above initial post) it then moves off to the sides, tail or forward –i.e. towards the rails, some towards the beachside rail, some towards the waveside rail, and some towards the tail, (which is usually in the waveside direction, but not always), and of course sometimes even forward ahead of the board. How much in any direction will depend on a lot of factors, but that’s not the issue here, just that it does.
When the water hits the bottom of the board it looses momentum. The change in momentum results from a change in velocity (its mass doesn’t change), and unless there is a lot of friction between board and water, its not so much the change in magnitude that matters, as is the change in direction, (but fins will impact the magnitude, so there could be a significant reduction in the magnitude too.) As it moves off to the rail, in particular the waveside rail (whether off to the rail proper or towards the tail) the water then moves back into the wave. But its moving differently that the water in the wave now, and you get a shearing effect. You will often see a budging above the waveside rail as a result of this effect, though its usually not that apparent unless an awful lot of water is involved.
But this shearing effect is often very apparent in big tube shots. In fact, its almost always apparent in the wake trail behind the surfers in such shots, see photo. Look at the trail of disrupted water that this surfer is leaving behind; the water above the trail is breaking into the wake path, similar to the way the wave is breaking, and the water below the trail is breaking away from the centerline, also similar to the way the wave is breaking, see photo.
The water moving off towards the beachside rail, is usually is seen as spray (root spray, see Dynamics – The Trim Equation.) but it need not be. Often the angle in which it is send is such that it reveals its change in velocity in the wake trail, the wake again breaking in the direction of the wave, in this case away from the centerline.
Of course a complete analysis at this point would involve factoring in the motion of the board relative to the water in the wave, but even so, unless it’s a really really good design, a lot, and exactly how much depends on an awful lot of other things, of the water is directed towards the rails.
Anyway, if nothing else the analysis is consistent with my hypothesis with respect to what makes surfboards go, but I’m sure others will have their own interpretations. Once again nothing has been proved. In fact, I suspect most will find this just a little too bizarre to accept, or even consider. Hopefully though, some might search though endless number of surf photos on the Net and find some contradictions.
Kevin