50 multiple choice questions of 1 point each.
Choose one answer per question. Please indicate your choices in CAPITAL LETTERS on the provided answer sheet, NOT on the exam pages. 14 anatomy fill-in-the-blanks of 0.5 points each.
Write LEGIBLY.
- Which structure is formed from the rhombic lip?
a. The pons
b. The cerebellum
c. The tectum
d. The medulla
e. The frenzal rhomb
- From which layer of the embryo does the nervous system form?
a. Ectoderm
b. Pachyderm
c. Mesoderm
d. Endoderm
e. The nervous system develops from tissue found outside of the embryo
- Which part of the nervous system is the focus of sobriety tests?
a. Occipital lobe
b. ANS
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cerebellum
e. Miserabellus cortex
- What structure do retinal ganglion cells come from during development?
a. mesencephalon
b. telencephalon
c. neural crest
d. diencephalon
e. The Ganges.
- The cerebral aqueduct is a canal connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles. What brain structure would likely contain it?
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. The Harbour Aquaduct
d. Thanatos’ midbrain
e. medulla
Page 2
- Using anatomical points of reference, the cerebellum is ________ to the cerebrum and _______ to the pons.
a. anterior / dorsal
b. posterior / ventral
c. rostral / ventral
d. caudal / dorsal
e. handy/handy
- Hemorrhage of the main blood vessel which supplies the basal ganglia (e.g. caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus) is likely to involve which other nearby structure:
a. hippocampus
b. substantia nigra
c. red nucleus
d. mammillary body
e. internal capsule
f. wife
Cool Squirrels don’t come out at night because they can’t see in the dark.
a. Squirrels only have one type of rod photoreceptor
b. Squirrels don’t have rods
c. Squirrels only have one type of cone photoreceptor
d. Squirrels don’t have cones
e. Squirrels have big rods
- Accommodation is
a. A change in lens shape to bring objects into focus
b. The filling-in of the blind spot This is because
c. A change in the tension of the muscles surrounding the eyes, to bring the two eyes into focus at the same point
d. Displacement of the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer that allows light to strike the foveal photoreceptors directly
e. the main tenet of matrimony
- The highest amount of refraction in the human eye, under normal conditions, occurs at:
a. The lens
b. The cornea
c. The retina
d. The sclera
e. the altar
- A difference between rods and cones is:
a. Rods hyperpolarize to light, while cones depolarize to light
b. Cones do not use the effector enzyme phosphodiesterase
c. Cones and rods use different types of opsins
d. Only cones contain retinal squirrel holograms
e. Squirrels have big rods yet cannot smoke cones
Page 3
- One type of bipolar cells contains a special receptor, mGluR6, which is sign reversing (the cell hyperpolarizes when glutamate binds to this receptor). When the drug APB is applied to the retina, the response of the neurons containing this receptor is blocked. Which of the following results would you expect from the application of APB to the retina?
a. OFF-bipolar cells will not respond to any stimulus
b. Retinal ganglion cells in the fovea, but not in the periphery, will be affected
c. V1 cells will no longer respond to the light edge of a bar drifting through their receptive fields
d. ON-center retinal ganglion cells will respond exactly like OFF-center retinal ganglion cells
- If a patient cannot see the left-most part of his left visual field (but can see in all other areas), he may have a lesion
a. In the left optic nerve
b. In the right optic nerve
c. In the left optic tract
d. In the right optic tract
e. In the optic chiasm
f. resulting from excessive marriage
- If the parvocellular layers of LGN are bilaterally inactivated then we might expect
a. the animal would maintain normal color vision
b. the dorsal pathway would be affected much more than the ventral pathway
c. the animal would maintain responses to motion
d. the animal would be completely blind
e. some darkness
- What structures does light pass through before reaching the primary visual cortex? (list in order)
a. cornea, vitreous humor, retinal ganglion cells, rods and cones
b. vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, retinal ganglion cells
c. lens, vitreous humor, rods and cones, retinal ganglion cells
d. cornea, aqueous humor, sclera, retinal ganglion cells
e. viaduct, aquaduct, tearduct
- What is true about the distribution of rods and cones in the retina?
a. the number of cones and rods is roughly the same in the fovea but there are more rods in the periphery
b. the ratio of photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells (RGC) is 1:1 in the periphery and 3:1 in the fovea
c. there are virtually no rods in fovea and ratio of cone to RGC is 3:1
d. peripheral retina consists mostly of rods and the ratio of photoreceptors to RGC is high
Page 4
- What happens in a photoreceptor cell (a rod, for example) in response to a light stimulus?
a. rod membrane depolarizes because Na+ channels open as a result of a decrease in second messenger cGMP
b. rod membrane hyperpolarizes because K+ channels open as a result of a decrease in second messenger cGMP
c. rod membrane hyperpolarizes because Na+ channels close as a result of a decrease in second messenger cGMP
d. rod membrane depolarize because K+ channels close as a result of a increase in second messenger cGMP
1Cool If you inject radioactive proline into an eye what cells would you observe labeled in the contralateral LGN?
a. cells in parvocellular layers of LGN (layer 3-6)
b. cells in magnocellular layers of LGN (layers 1 and 2)
c. cells in layers 1, 4 and 6 d. cells in layers 2,3 and 5
e. only koniocellular layers would be labeled
f. El Queda cells
- If you inject radioactive proline into one eye what cells would you observe labeled in layer 4 of V1?
a. Ocular dominance columns
b. Blobs
c. Orientation columns
d. A retinotopic map
e. the roundy ones
- In what ways are simple and complex cells in the primary visual cortex different?
a. both simple and complex cells are orientation selective but have different receptive field structure
b. simple cells are orientation selective whereas complex cells are not
c. simple cells are selective for vertical and horizontal orientations whereas complex cells are selective for all orientations
d. simple cells receive input from magnocellular layers of LGN whereas complex cells receive input from parvocellular layers of LGN
- The function of the Visual system include all of the following EXCEPT
a. faithfully reproducing the absolute intensity of light falling on the retina b. regulating biological rhythms
c. detecting differences in the intensity of light falling on the retina
d. control of eye position and optics
e. Hearing
- The optic disk is a “blind spot”in the visual field because:
a. the virtual absence of large blood vessels here
b. the relative thinning of the retina here
c. the absence of photoreceptors here
d. the absence of nerve axons here
e. of a Darwinistic “culling of the herd” theoreom
- The fovea allows for increase visual acuity by which of the following specializations:
a. high ratio of photoreceptors to ganglion cells
b. lateral displacement of the ganglion cells from the retina
c. all of the photoreceptors here are rods, which are more resistant to photobleaching
d. the abundance of blood vessels to nourish this metabolically active area
e. ALL are TRUE
- In comparison to other G-protein coupled second messenger signaling pathways (like metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors) the situation in photopigment transduction is different because:
a. the stimulus (light) causes a change in receptor protein conformation b. the G-protein response involves binding GTP
c. in response to stimulus (light), the level of second messenger decreases
d. the consequent increase in ion channel conductance
- The concept of the receptive field depends on the fact that:
a. At each level of processing of a visual stimulus, all synaptically connected neurons in a given visual circuit have identical receptive field properties
b. Visual information is processed in parallel circuits
c. Visual information is organized into retinotopic maps
d. Each neuron in the visual pathway responds to stimulation of the retina with a characteristic change in membrane potential
- Achromatopsia is a partial or complete loss of color vision, despite cones being intact. A lesion in which part of the brain might result in this deficit?
a. V4
b. MT
c. IT
d. Area 3b
e. Back bit
- The structure that forms the interface between the stapes and cochlea is the
a. tympanic membrane
b. basilar membrane
c. round window
d. oval window
e. window of Basil Brush
2Cool The basilar membrane
a. is wider at the base end than at the apex
b. is stiffer at the apex than the base
c. responds to low frequencies at the apex
d. is inflexible
e. is furry
- Inner hair cells
a. are more numerous than outer hair cells
b. provide more input to the auditory nerve than outer hair cells
c. have a many-to-one ratio with spiral ganglion cells
d. receive efferent input from the brain stem
e. are highly collectible
- The opening of K+ channels produces a ___________ in hair cells because of the __________ concentration of K+ in the endolymph and the _____________ endocochlear potential.
a. hyperpolarization; low; positive
b. depolarization; low; positive
c. depolarization; high; negative
d. depolarization; high; positive
e. hyperpolarization; high; negative f. hyperpolarization; high; positive
- The first area in the auditory pathway to receive input from both ears is
a. the ventral cochlear nucleus
b. the superior olive c. the inferior colliculus
d. the MGN
e. the primary auditory cortex
f. localised information
- Which of the following is true about localization of sound in the horizontal plane?
a. the pinna is crucial for this type of localization
b. interaural time delay is used for localizing sounds with high frequencies, while interaural intensity difference is used to localize sound at low frequencies.
c. delay lines in the auditory nerve are crucial for this type of localization
d. neurons in the superior olive are crucial for this type of localization
=====
- The vestibular-ocular reflex
a. utilizes the otolith organs, and not the semicircular canals
b. operates even in darkness
c. responds to linear acceleration of the head
d. causes the eyes to turn in the same direction as head movement
e. is subject to abuse for those of the Catholic persuasion
- We learned that in visual processing information from the retina is relayed in the thalamus before it is sent to relevant cortical area. The corresponding thalamic relay of the auditory system is:
a. the lateral geniculate nucleus b. the medial geniculate nucleus
c. the inferior colliculus
d. the superior colliculus
e. a mystery to Thanatos
Page 7
- It turned out that an antibiotic furosemide selectively destroys outer hair cells in both cochleas. What would happen to the auditory processing?
a. bilateral deafness
b. decrease in sensitivity of ears to sound
c. no change in sensitivity to pure tones but decreased sensitivity to speech
d. increased sensitivity to some sounds
e. bipartisan ambidexterity impairance
- What is the principle function of the tympanic membrane and the ossicular chain of the middle ear?
a. to couple acoustic energy from the air to the endolymph in the cochlear duct
b. to protect inner ear from damage
c. to decrease the sensitivity to all sounds
d. capacitance matching
e. to differentiate shit from shinola
- What are the first cells in the auditory system to fire action potential?
a. inner hair cells
b. outer hair cells
c. spiral ganglion neurons
d. medial geniculate nucleus neurons
e. shut up
3Cool Fill in the blanks: in the vestibular system, otolith organs detect _______ and semicircular canals are sensitive to _____
a. head rotation to the left / head rotation to the right
b. head rotation to the left / tilts of the head
c. head rotations / force of gravity
d. force of gravity / rotations of the head
e. boogers / boogers
- Merkel’s disks
a. are rapidly adapting
b. are sensitive to cold
c. are protopathic receptors
d. are epicritic receptors
e. are in Walmart
- While taking a 9.01 exam, a student impales himself in the belly in despair. After which, he notices that, from the belly down, he can only feel pain on the right side of his body. Conversely, he can only experience tactile sensations on the left side of his body from the belly down. Where did he lesion himself?
a. the right dorsal column at the cervical level
b. the right dorsal column at the lumbar level
c. the left dorsal column at the cervical level
d. the left dorsal column at the lumbar level
e. in the knob
Page 8
- Which pair of neurons is most similar in terms of their temporal firing patterns?
a. M-type ganglion cells and Merkel’s disks
b. P-type ganglion cells and Meissner’s corpuscles
c. M-type ganglion cells and Pacinian corpuscles
d. M-type ganglion cells and Ruffini endings
e. both of Msnotborgs
- In the baseball area of your cortex, your “Red Sox”neurons have smaller receptive fields than your “Yankees”neurons. Based on the cortical magnification hypothesis
a. A larger portion of your cortex is devoted to the Yankees
b. A larger portion of your cortex is devoted to the Red Sox
c. The Yankees and Red Sox neurons occupy equal area in the cortex
d. The Red Sox neurons come back from a 3-0 deficit against the Yankees neurons
- You pick up an ice cube. Which aspect of the ice do you notice first and why?
a. You notice it’s cold because the axons conveying temperature are thin. b. You notice it’s cold because the axons conveying temperature are thick.
c. You notice it’s smooth because the axons conveying tactile sensation are thin.
d. You notice it’s smooth because the axons conveying tactile sensation are thick.
e. too slow. the fucking things melting
- The nucleus in the Thanatos thalamus that receives somatosensory information about the face is the
a. VPM
b. VPL
c. LGN
d. MGN
e. problem
- The trigeminal pathway
a. ascends from the spinal cord
b. decussates after it synapses in the thalamus
c. conveys somatosensory information about the face
d. does not convey tactile information
e. is backstage
- In sensory pathways, changes in stimulus intensity are signaled by corresponding changes in the
a. amplitude of action potentials (in millivolts) of an active neuron
b. number and/or firing frequency of active neurons
c. refractory period (in milliseconds) of an active neuron
d. axonal (NOT axiomatic) conductance of an active neuron
- High resolution tactile discrimination by the fingertips
a. depends exclusively on responses of pacinian corpuscles
b. requires the participation of the anterolateral system
c. involves receptors with large receptive fields
d. requires the participation of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system
e. still exists in South Africa
Page 9
4Cool Henry Head is a well known scientist because
a. he painted in a similar to van Gogh style
b. he discovered dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
c. he discovered dorsal root gangion
d. he proposed the existence of 2 distinct pathways for transmitting pain and tactile information
e. he has a daft name
- Agnosias are the inability to recognize objects even when the ability to recognize their components (simple sensory skills) are intact. Damage to which component of the nervous system is likely to cause an agnosia?
a. Peripheral sensory neurons
b. Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus c. primary somatosensory cortex
d. secondary somatosensory cortex
e. posterior parietal cortex 5
f. marriage cortex
- A foot fetish of a sexual nature might be explained by which of the following:
a. Sensory neurons that innervate the genitals enter the spinal cord at the same segment as sensory neurons that innervate the toes
b. Sensory neurons that innervate the genitals use the same neurotransmitter as sensory neurons that innervate the toes
c. The toes and genitals are adjacent in the somatotopic map of the body surface onto primary motor cortex
d. The toes and genitals are adjacent in the somatotopic map of the body surface onto primary somatosensory cortex
e. see #49 f
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PART I: BASIC REASONING AND ARGUMENTATION
PART I consists of 70 multiple choice questions. Use a #2 pencil to mark your answers on the answer sheet provided.
There is only one correct answer per question. Each correct answer counts for one point.
You will not receive a penalty for registering a wrong answer. Hence, educated guessing is encouraged, and you should make sure to register an answer for every question.
- You will not be issued a driver’s license if you are not at least 16 years old. Therefore,
I. If you are issued a driver’s license, then you are at least 16 years old.
II. If you are at least 16 years old, then you will be issued a driver’s license.
III. If you are 16 years old or over, you will be issued a driver’s license.
IV. You won’t be issued a driver’s license unless you are 16 years or older.
A. I B. I, III C. I, IV D. II, IV E. II, III, IV
- Recent surveys show that less than 10% of Americans can run the mile in less than 10 minutes. It is therefore imperative that we institute a national running program to produce healthy and strong Americans.
The above argument assumes that
I. We don’t have proper facilities for running in America.
II. Running programs are the easiest to organize.
III. Inability to run the mile in less than 10 minutes indicates lack of health and strength.
IV. People who are healthy run the mile in less than 10 minutes daily.
V. There is strong public interest in instituting national health programs.
A. II, III B. IV, V C. I D. III E. IV
- Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?
I. All friddles are snorfs.
II. If one is a friddle, then one is a snorf.
III. All non-snorfs are non-friddles.
IV. No friddles are non-snorfs.
V. All non-snorfs are non-friddles.
A I, II, III B. I, II, III, IV C. II, III, IV, V ONLY D I, III, V E. I, II, III, IV, V
- Figg is standing to the right of Lulu. Zaza is standing on the opposite side of Lulu. Since the opposite of right is wrong, it follows that Zaza is standing on the wrong side of Lulu. Which of the following logical errors are committed in the above argument?
I. It uses the same term to mean two different things.
II. It confuses cause and effect.
III. It begs the question.
IV. It provides no factual evidence for its conclusion.
V. None of the above.
A. I B. III C. II, IV D. I, II E. V
- Given that the premises and the conclusion of an argument are false, which of the following is true?
I. The argument is valid.
II. The argument is not valid.
III. We can’t tell from this information whether its valid or not.
IV. The argument is necessarily false.
V. The argument has to be inductive.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V
- A is a necessary condition for B.
If the above is true, then which of the following cannot be true?
I. B is a sufficient condition for A.
II. If A, then B.
III. A, unless B.
IV. If not-A, then not-B.
V. None of the above.
A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. V
- [1]If we’re going to get excited about every case of an enlisted man turning out to have been selling information to the Russians, then we’re going to have to believe that all the secrets sold in cases like the recent ones are dangerous to our national security in the hands of the Russians. [2]But all of the material sold in all the recent cases has been classified “secret” by our ridiculous classification system, and [3)that category contains all the routine drivel of the operations of our security agencies, including newspaper clippings. It seems clear that [4]it’s a mistake to raise such cane every time some dope gets caught playing spy. [5]We might be better off reviewing our classification system and our clearance procedures.
I. The argumentation above has statement [1] as its main conclusion. II. Statement [4] is a conclusion of one argument and is also a premise for another argument.
III. The main conclusion of this argument is a conditional statement.
IV. The above passage contains no arguments.
V. None of the above.
(A) I ONLY (B) I AND III (C) II ONLY (D) IV ONLY (E) V ONLY
- [1]If you drink three vodka martinis every lunch you will not be very effective since [2] you can’t hold your liquor very well. Hence, [3] you should not drink the three you belt down each day.
Which of the following diagrams best portrays the above argument?
consider the arrows to stand for “therefore”.
A. 1 + 2 B. 1 C. 2 D. 1 +.3 E. 2
| | | | |
| | | | |
3 2 1 2 1
| | |
| | |
3 3 3
- Is the following group of statements consistent or inconsistent? You may assume that the words do not change meaning or reference from one statement to another, and (unless the statements say otherwise) that they refer to the same time.
1 Bill is the biological father of Harry.
2 Harry is the biological father of Sam.
3 Bill is not the biological grandfather of Sam.
A. CONSISTENT B. INCONSISTENT
